Epigenetic Influences On Gene Expression
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- DNA Structure and FunctionProtein SynthesisGenetic Influence on Cell Division, Differentiation, and GametogenesisPatterns of InheritanceEpigenetic Influences on Gene ExpressionAutosomal Inheritance and DisordersSex Chromosome and Mitochondrial Inheritance and DisordersFamily History and Pedigree ConstructionCongenital Anomalies, Basic Dysmorphology, and Genetic AssessmentEnzyme and Collagen DisordersCommon Childhood-Onset Genetic DisordersCommon Adult-Onset DisordersCardiovascular DisordersThe Genetics of CancerGenetic Contributions to Psychiatric and Behavioral DisordersGenetic and Genomic TestingAssessing Genomic Variation in Drug ResponseHealth Professionals and Genomic CareFinancial, Ethical, Legal, and Social ConsiderationsGenetic and Genomic Variation
Question 1
Free
Multiple Choice
Which term or phrase is used to describe the ability of the environment to cause different phenotypes to develop from the same genotype?
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Developmental plasticity
Histone modification
Phenotype variability
Nutrigenomics
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Question 2
Free
Multiple Choice
How is alcohol consumption thought to increase methylation in cancer suppressor genes to increase the risk for head and neck cancer?
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Preventing DNA repair
Enhancing cell division
Acting as a methyl donor
Activating select oncogenes
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Question 3
Free
Multiple Choice
What would be the expected outcome for a person who has a normal gene allele and an abnormal gene allele for insulin and the area around the abnormal gene allele isheavily methylated?
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Normal insulin is produced in normal amounts.
Normal insulin is produced in lower-than-normal amounts.
Abnormal insulin is produced in normal amounts.
Abnormal insulin is produced in higher-than-normal amounts.
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Question 4
Free
Multiple Choice
Which statement regarding the influence of epigenetic changes on gene expression is always true?
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The change must be inherited from the parent of the same gender as the child for expression to be affected.
Although gene expression is changed by inheriting these changes, the gene's DNA sequence remains unaffected.
Epigenetic changes must first occur in the parental somatic cells in order to be inherited.
These changes occur throughout the genome rather than in the area of any single specific gene.
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Question 5
Free
Multiple Choice
What part of a chromosome's DNA is altered by histone modification?
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Complementary base pairing
Attachment of phosphate groups
Development of telomeric "caps"
The degree of tension in helical tightness
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Question 6
Multiple Choice
What would be the expected result when the area around an oncogene is hypomethylated?
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Cell division increases; cancer risk increases.
Cell division increases; cancer risk decreases.
Cell division decreases; cancer risk decreases.
Cell division decreases; cancer risk increases.
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Question 7
Multiple Choice
By which mechanism does microRNA "silence" gene expression?
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Preventing cytoplasm from coming into contact with the gene
Surrounding mRNA and preventing attachment of ribosomes
Binding to mRNA and keeping it double stranded
Substituting a thymine for uracil
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Question 8
Multiple Choice
Which statement about the microbiome is true?
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The microbiome does not undergo further changes after development is complete.
With aging, its influence on health is reduced.
The microbiome is necessary for good health.
Identical twins have identical microbiomes.
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Question 9
Multiple Choice
How is eating a diet high in broccoli thought to reduce cancer risk?
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Increasing the excretion rate of foods known to be methyl donors
Increasing histone acetylation, turning on anticancer genes
Decreasing the rate of microDNA synthesis and activity
Decreasing the exposure of carcinogens to nuclear DNA
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Question 10
Multiple Choice
How does histone modification alter gene expression?
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Modified histones result in increased DNA methylation, which increases the transcription of genes in that area.
In areas where histones are modified, the DNA is more tightly wound, and genes are not transcribed.
Histone modification results in an increase in microRNA production, which inhibits gene expression by preventing translation.
Histone modification results in an increase in microRNA production, which promotes gene expression by enhancing translation.
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Question 11
Multiple Choice
In fragile X syndrome, only noncoding regions within the gene for a protein that directs and maintains brain development are heavily methylated, resulting indecreasedcognitive ability and behavioral problems. What is the most likely mechanism of this abnormal expression?
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Increased microRNA molecules reducing the synthesis of the gene product
Failure of the methylated regions to undergo translation
Suppression of the "splicing out" action for introns
Suppression of promoter function
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