Genetic Influence On Cell Division, Differentiation, And Gametogenesis

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Question 1

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Multiple Choice

In what way is hypertrophic tissue growth more advantageous than hyperplastic tissue growth?

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There is no limit to how large a tissue or organ can become.

It proceeds at the same rate throughout a person's life span.

Less energy is required for hypertrophic growth.

Differentiated functions change with aging.

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Question 2

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Multiple Choice

In which phases of the cell cycle is the normal cell tetraploid (4N)?

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G1 and G2

G1 and S

S and G2

G2 and M

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Question 3

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Multiple Choice

How is apoptosis related to physiologic homeostasis?

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The process prevents germline mutations.

The efficiency of organ/tissue functions is increased.

Replacement with scar tissue occurs more rapidly after cell damage.

Cells that are able to undergo apoptosis bypass restriction point controls for mitosis.

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Question 4

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Multiple Choice

Which normal cell characteristic is represented by the production of insulin in the beta cells of the pancreas?

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Performance of a differentiated function

Ability to undergo apoptosis on schedule

Tight regulation of cell division

Conservation of energy

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Question 5

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Multiple Choice

What is the consequence for a tissue/cell that no longer produces any cell adhesion molecules?

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The production of three daughter cells with mitosis instead of just two

Failure to perform any differentiated functions

Conversion from euploidy to aneuploidy

Migration of cells into other tissues

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Question 6

Multiple Choice

How do transcription factors influence cell division?

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They directly transmit external signals to the cell's nucleus.

Transcription factors regulate the expression of genes involved in cell division.

Loss or inactivation of transcription factors degrades suppressor gene protein products.

Transcription factors are enzymes that activate promitotic substances by adding a phosphate group to the chemical structure.

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Question 7

Multiple Choice

How does apoptosis contribute to healthy organ and whole-body function?

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Maintains telomeric DNA

Allows cells to differentiate rather than to undergo mitosis

Removes old or damaged cells from an organ population

Activates oncogenes when cells are damaged or necrotic

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Question 8

Multiple Choice

What would be the expected response to a skin injury if the involved tissue had lost the normal cell characteristic of contact inhibition?

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Failure of the wound to close

Excessive growth of replacement tissue

Replacement with scar tissue rather than skin

Displacement of skin cells into other body tissues

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Question 9

Multiple Choice

What is the function of a suppressor gene product?

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To ensure cell division occurs only when it is needed

To suppress the loss of differentiated functions with aging

To ensure the precise delivery of chromosomes to each new daughter cell

To prevent the formation of a large nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio during the G0 state

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Question 10

Multiple Choice

Normal cells spend most of their life spans in which phase?

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Question 11

Multiple Choice

How do cyclins influence the process of cell division?

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Suppressing oncogene products and inhibiting movement through the cell cycle

Generating transcription factors and promoting differentiated functions

Promoting apoptosis and allowing programmed cellular "suicide"

Opposing suppressor gene products and promoting cell division

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Question 12

Multiple Choice

What is the general purpose of tyrosine kinase enzymes?

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Activating cyclins by phosphorylation

Increasing the amount of sodium-driven transcription factor activity

Suppressing the activation of oncogene expression

Uncovering growth factor receptor sites on plasma membranes

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Question 13

Multiple Choice

Which event occurs during mitosis?

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Homologous chromosomes synapse and then cross over.

The number of chromosomes decreases from diploid to haploid.

Daughter cells are produced that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

DNA density decreases, and the 46 separate pieces assemble into one linear strand.

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Question 14

Multiple Choice

Which cell feature is common to normal human differentiated cells and to early embryonic human cells?

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Growth by hypertrophy

Contact inhibition

Tight adhesion

Euploidy

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Question 15

Multiple Choice

Which feature or characteristic of early embryonic cells is unique in comparison with normal differentiated cells?

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Diploidy

Pluripotency

Controlled cell division

Mitosis resulting in four new daughter cells

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Question 16

Multiple Choice

Which event characterizes embryonic commitment?

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Meiotic cell division

Selective loss of genes

Increased suppressor gene activity

Progressive increase in nuclear size

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Question 17

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Which mechanism allows cell differentiation in embryonic tissue?

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Increased expression of oncogenes

Decreased expression of suppressor genes

Selected expression of individual structural genes

Enhanced expression of promitotic transcription factors

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Question 18

Multiple Choice

How many different genotypes are possible in any single mature spermatocyte of a man who is heterozygous at a single gene locus for a specific trait?

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One

Two

Four

Eight

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Question 19

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Which stage of cell division is present in mitosis but is missing in meiosis?

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Question 20

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What is the expected result when two homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis I of spermatogenesis?

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Fertilization of this gamete may result in a zygote that is 48, XXYY.

One gamete will have two of these chromosomes, and one will have neither of these chromosomes.

The risk for development of polygenic disorders is increased with fertilization of the polar body associated with this mature gamete.

Increased genetic diversity is possible with fertilization of any of these four gametes because of an increased number of possible gene alleles.

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