The Genetics Of Cancer

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Question 1

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Multiple Choice

A patient states that she has heard that the origin of most cancers is "genetic." What is the best response?

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"The development of most cancers is predetermined and not affected by environmental factors."

"Cancers arise in cells that have alterations in the genes."

"Cancer is more common among males than females."

"The majority of cancers are inherited."

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Question 2

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Multiple Choice

Which theory of carcinogenesis has the most support?

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DNA damage, which permits overexpression of oncogenes

RNA damage, which results in incomplete protein formation

Autoantibodies, which attack specific "self" tissues and organs

The failure of embryonic tissues to undergo normal differentiation

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Question 3

Free

Multiple Choice

By which process does "promotion" assist in cancer development?

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Inflicting mutations at specific sites on the exposed cell's DNA

Stimulating or enhancing cell division of cells damaged by a carcinogen

Increasing the transformed cell's capacity for error-free DNA repair

Making cancer cells appear more normal and escaping immunosurveillance

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Question 4

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Multiple Choice

How is progression different from metastasis?

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Progression cannot occur unless the process of metastasis occurs first.

Metastasis occurs in both benign and malignant cells, whereas progression is a feature that is unique to malignant cells.

Metastasis is dependent on gene mutations in suppressor genes, and progression is dependent on gene mutations in oncogenes.

Progression involves continual gene changes in a cancer cell that enhance its degree of malignancy, whereas metastasis is the ability of the cell to invade other tissues.

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Question 5

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following benign tumors usually express aneuploidy?

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Lipomas

Leiomyomas

Neurofibromas

Neuroblastomas

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Question 6

Multiple Choice

How is a complete carcinogen different from an incomplete carcinogen?

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Complete carcinogens damage oncogenes, and incomplete carcinogens damage suppressor genes.

Complete carcinogens damage suppressor genes, and incomplete carcinogens damage oncogenes.

Incomplete carcinogens are more likely to induce sporadic cancers.

Complete carcinogens are more likely to induce sporadic cancers.

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Question 7

Multiple Choice

Which statement regarding the biology of cancer is always true?

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Cancer cells arise from normal cells.

Testicular cancer is strongly associated with excessive masturbation.

When cancer cells are exposed to air, their growth rate becomes uncontrolled.

The biggest risk factor for cancer development is having a first-degree relative with cancer.

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Question 8

Multiple Choice

Which of these qualities is common to cancer cells?

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Apoptosis of damaged cancer cells occurs at a high rate.

Telomeres of cancer cells have pronounced shortening.

Their production of cell adhesion molecules is excessive.

They continue to grow even when surrounded by other cells.

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Question 9

Multiple Choice

How are malignant tumors different from benign tumors?

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Malignant tumors grow by expansion, and benign tumors grow by invasion.

Malignant tumors lose plasma membranes, and benign tumors continue to produce them.

Benign tumors retain parental cell functions, and malignant tumors lose parental cell functions.

Benign tumors have totally normal features, and malignant tumors have totally abnormal features.

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Question 10

Multiple Choice

Which feature is considered anaplastic?

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Loss of a distinctive appearance

Having a larger nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio

Failure to undergo apoptosis at the appropriate time

The ability to undergo mitosis when nutrition is poor

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Question 11

Multiple Choice

Which cancer type is associated with a 9;22 translocation t(9;22)?

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Acute promyelocytic leukemia

Acute lymphocytic leukemia

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

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Question 12

Multiple Choice

By which process does "initiation" assist in cancer development?

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Enhancing the cell division of cells damaged by a carcinogen

Inflicting mutations at specific sites on the exposed cell's DNA

Increasing the transformed cell's capacity for error-free DNA repair

Making cancer cells appear more normal and escaping immunosurveillance

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Question 13

Multiple Choice

Which statement best describes the role of tumor suppressor genes in cancer development?

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Tumor suppressor genes control or modify the activity of oncogenes, reducing the risk for cancer development.

The presence of tumor suppressor genes increases the risk for gene damage by environmental carcinogens.

Tumor suppressor genes reduce/suppress immune function, increasing the risk for cancer development.

Tumor suppressor genes are a type of oncogene that is only active in germline cells and tissues.

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Question 14

Multiple Choice

Which type of body tissue has the highest risk for cancer development?

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Bone tissue because its absorption of radiation is cumulative

Connective tissue that remains functional throughout life

Brain tissue because it does not respond well to injury

Any tissue that retains the ability to divide

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Question 15

Multiple Choice

What event occurring during the latency period of carcinogenesis is most likely to contribute to cancer development?

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Cellular apoptosis

Error-free DNA repair

Exposure to promoters

Oncogene inactivation

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Question 16

Multiple Choice

What is the result of a mutation occurring in a suppressor gene?

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Gain of a new function

Loss of an existing function

Increased "error-prone" DNA repair

Increased unequal "crossing over" during meiosis I

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Question 17

Multiple Choice

Which statement regarding general cancer development is true?

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The risk for cancer development increases with age.

Cancers usually develop in tissues that are missing a nucleus.

Children of older mothers have a greater risk for cancer development.

Most mutations leading to cancer development occur in structural genes.

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Question 18

Multiple Choice

How does an MSH2 gene mutation contribute to the development of colon cancer?

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Suppressor gene function is enhanced.

DNA mutations are incorrectly repaired.

Trinucleotide repeat sequences are enhanced.

Drug resistance genes undergo amplification.

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Question 19

Multiple Choice

Why are people who have poor DNA repair mechanisms at greater risk for cancer development?

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Their cancers are usually resistant to chemotherapy.

They have sustained the initial "hit" in all cells and tissues.

Their somatic mutations are more likely to be permanent.

They have greater exposure to environmental carcinogens.

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Question 20

Multiple Choice

How does an acquired mutation in a somatic cell gene leading to cancer development affect a person's ability to pass on a predisposition for that cancer typeto hisorher children?

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The predisposition can only be passed on if the person with the somatic cell mutation is female.

The risk for predisposition is dependent upon which tissue type experienced the somatic mutation.

Multiple somatic mutations are required for passing on a predisposition to cancer development.

There is no risk of passing on a cancer predisposition from a somatic cell mutation.

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