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Protein Synthesis

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Question 1
Free
Multiple Choice

What is the relationship among genes, DNA, and proteins?

Choose correct answer/s
A

DNA is composed of a series of amino acids that provide the directions for synthesizing proteins.

B

Protein is composed of DNA that is organized into specific gene sequences called amino acids.

C

A gene is a section of DNA that provides the directions for synthesizing a specific protein.

D

Proteins are the nitrogenous bases that form double strands of DNA in its helical shape.

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Question 2
Free
Multiple Choice

What is the best meaning for the term gene expression?

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A

The location of a specific gene allele on a specific autosomal chromosome

B

The specific trait or protein coded for by a single gene is actually present

C

The ability of a single gene to code for more than one trait or characteristic

D

The loss of a trait or characteristic from one family generation to the next generation

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Question 3
Free
Multiple Choice

What is the difference between DNA transcription for DNA synthesis and DNA transcription for protein synthesis?

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A

Transcription for DNA synthesis is rapidly followed by the process of translation.

B

Transcription for protein synthesis has "greater fidelity" than does transcription for DNA synthesis.

C

Transcription for protein synthesis occurs only in cells undergoing mitosis, and transcription for DNA synthesis occurs in both dividing and nondividing cells.

D

Transcription for DNA synthesis occurs with both the "sense" and the "antisense" strands, while transcription for protein synthesis occurs with only the "antisense" strand.

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Question 4
Free
Multiple Choice

Which mature messenger RNA strand correctly reflects the accurate transcription of the following segment of DNA, in which large letters represent introns and small letters represent exons? tTGCGaAccaGaCTtaaAAtTAAA

Choose correct answer/s
A

AUGGUUAUUA

B

ACGCTCGATTATTT

C

CGCUCGAUUAUUU

D

AACGCUUGGUCUGAAUUUUAAUUU

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Question 5
Free
Multiple Choice

What is the function of ribosomes (also known as ribosomal RNA) in protein synthesis?

Choose correct answer/s
A

Allow interpretation of the two strands of DNA to determine which is the "sense" strand and which is the "antisense" strand

B

Serve as the coordinator mechanism to allow proper reading of the mRNA and placement of the correct amino acid in the sequence by the tRNAs

C

Allow further processing of synthesized proteins (posttranslational modification) in order to ensure that the final product is physiologically active

D

Serve as transport molecules able to move a specific amino acid to the site of protein synthesis (peptide chain elongation) in the correct sequence

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Question 6
Multiple Choice

Astrand of recently transcribed mRNA contains the following components: intron (1), intron (2), exon (3), intron (4), exon (5), exon (6), exon (7), intron (8). Which sequence is expected to appear in the mature mRNA?

Choose correct answer/s
A
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
B
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
C
1, 2, 4, 8
D
3, 5, 6, 7
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Question 7
Multiple Choice

Which process occurs outside of the nucleus?

Choose correct answer/s
A
DNA transcription
B
RNA transcription
C
Splicing out of introns
D
Translation of mRNA
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Question 8
Multiple Choice

What would be the consequence for protein synthesis if only limited amounts of adenine were available in a cell?

Choose correct answer/s
A
Increased rate of mRNA degradation
B
Increased formation of mutation "hot spots"
C
Decreased production of cellular proteins
D
Decreased amounts of uracil in the cytoplasm
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Question 9
Multiple Choice

Which process would be directly inhibited by a lack of conversion of thymine to uracil?

Choose correct answer/s
A
Translation
B
Transcription
C
MicroRNA silencing
D
Posttranscriptional modification
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Question 10
Multiple Choice

What would be the sequence of RNA complementary to single-stranded DNA with the base sequence of ACCTGAACGTCGCTA?

Choose correct answer/s
A
TGGACTTGCAGCGAT
B
ACCTGAACGTCGCTA
C
UGGACUUGCAGCGAU
D
ACCUGAACGUCGCUA
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Question 11
Multiple Choice

Which events, structures, or processes are likely to trigger transcription of the beta-globin gene?

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A
Anemia and TATA boxes upstream from the beta-globin gene
B
Anemia and polyadenylation downstream from the beta-globin gene
C
Polycythemia and TATA boxes upstream from the beta-globin gene
D
Polycythemia and polyadenylation downstream from the beta-globin gene
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Question 12
Multiple Choice

After a protein is synthesized during translation, what further process or processes is/are needed for it to be fully functional?

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A
No further processing beyond the linear arrangement of amino acids is required.
B
Although minimal function can occur in the linear form, the protein is more active when it undergoes mitosis.
C
The protein first twists into a secondary structure and then "folds" into a specific tertiary structure for activation and function.
D
The initial protein produced is a "preprotein" that requires a series of depolarizations by electrical impulses for conversion to an active protein.
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Question 13
Multiple Choice

How does an "anticodon" participate in protein synthesis?

Choose correct answer/s
A
Splicing out the introns to form a functional and mature messenger RNA
B
Identifying which DNA strand is the "sense" strand to transcribe into RNA
C
Ensuring the appropriate tRNA places the correct amino acid into the protein
D
Interpreting the correct "stop" triplet or codon that signals for translation termination
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Question 14
Multiple Choice

The protein glucagon contains 29 amino acids in its active linear form. What is the minimum number of bases present in the mature messenger RNA for this protein?

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A
29
B
58
C
87
D
116
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Question 15
Multiple Choice

Which feature or characteristic is most critical for protein function or activity?

Choose correct answer/s
A
The number of amino acids
B
The sequence of amino acids
C
Deletion of all active exons
D
Transcription occurring after translation
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Question 16
Multiple Choice

How does a "codon" participate in protein synthesis?

Choose correct answer/s
A
Carrying amino acid for peptide bond attachment
B
Ensuring that ribosomal RNA is securely wrapped around the mature mRNA
C
Preventing microRNA from binding to mRNA and prematurely degrading it
D
Indicating which amino acid is to be placed within the growing protein chain
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Question 17
Multiple Choice

How does replacement of thymine with uracil in messenger RNA help in the process of protein synthesis?

Choose correct answer/s
A
Allowing messenger RNA to leave the nucleus
B
Ensuring only the "antisense" strand of DNA is transcribed
C
Determining the placement of the "start" signal for translation
D
Promoting posttranslational modification for conversion to an active protein
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Question 18
Multiple Choice

How does the process of polyadenylation affect protein synthesis?

Choose correct answer/s
A
Binding to the antisense DNA strand to prevent inappropriate transcription
B
Promoting attachment of ribosomes to the correct end of messenger RNA
C
Linking the exons into the mature messenger RNA
D
Signaling the termination of mRNA translation
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Question 19
Multiple Choice

Why are ribonucleases that digest mature messenger RNA a necessary part of protein synthesis?

Choose correct answer/s
A
These enzymes prevent overexpression of critical proteins.
B
Without ribonucleases, messenger RNA could leave one cell type and lead to excessive protein synthesis in a different cell type.
C
When ribonucleases degrade RNA, the degradation products are recycled, making protein synthesis more energy efficient.
D
The activity of these enzymes promotes increased translation of individual messenger RNAs so that fewer RNA molecules are needed for protein production.
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Question 20
Multiple Choice

Which statement about the introns within one gene is correct?

Choose correct answer/s
A
These small pieces of DNA form microRNAs that regulate gene expression.
B
They are part of the desert DNA composing the noncoding regions.
C
When expressed, they induce posttranslational modifications.
D
The introns of one gene may be the exons of another gene.
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