What happens in the lungs when the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax?
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Air is forced out of the lungs.
Lung volume increases.
Intrapulmonic pressure decreases.
Intrapleural pressure decreases.
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Question 2
Free
Multiple Choice
Which of the following activities does NOT require muscle contractions and energy?
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Quiet inspiration
Forced inspiration
Quiet expiration
Forced expiration
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Question 3
Free
Multiple Choice
The maximum volume of air a person can exhale after a maximum inspiration is termed the:
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expiratory reserve volume.
inspiratory reserve volume.
total lung capacity.
vital capacity.
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Question 4
Free
Multiple Choice
Which of the following applies to the blood in the pulmonary artery?
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PCO2 is low.
PO2 is low.
Hydrostatic pressure is very high.
It is flowing into the left atrium.
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Question 5
Free
Multiple Choice
Which of the following causes bronchodilation?
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Epinephrine
Histamine
Parasympathetic nervous system
Drugs that block b2-adrenergic receptors
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Question 6
Multiple Choice
The central chemoreceptors in the medulla are normally most sensitive to:
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low oxygen level.
low concentration of hydrogen ions.
elevated oxygen level.
elevated carbon dioxide level.
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Question 7
Multiple Choice
Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood because:
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PO2 is higher in the blood.
PO2 is lower in the blood.
CO2 is diffusing out of the blood.
more CO2 is diffusing out of cells into the blood.
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Question 8
Multiple Choice
Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood:
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as dissolved gas.
attached to the iron molecule in hemoglobin.
as bicarbonate ion.
as carbonic acid.
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Question 9
Multiple Choice
What would hypercapnia cause?
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Increased serum pH
Decreased respirations
Respiratory acidosis
Decreased carbonic acid in the blood
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Question 10
Multiple Choice
Which of the following would result from hyperventilation?
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Respiratory acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Metabolic alkalosis
Metabolic acidosis
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Question 11
Multiple Choice
Which of the following values is always decreased with respiratory alkalosis (compensated or decompensated)?
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Serum bicarbonate
PaCO2
Serum pH
Urine pH
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Question 12
Multiple Choice
What would be the most effective compensation for respiratory acidosis?
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The kidneys eliminating more bicarbonate ions
The kidneys producing more bicarbonate ions
The kidneys reabsorbing more hydrogen ions
An increase in respiratory rate
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Question 13
Multiple Choice
What is the acid-base status of a patient with the following values for arterial blood gases? serum bicarbonate 36.5 mmol/L (normal range: 22-28) PCO? 75 mm Hg (normal range: 35-45) Serum pH 7.0
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Compensated metabolic acidosis
Decompensated metabolic acidosis
Compensated respiratory acidosis
Decompensated respiratory acidosis
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Question 14
Multiple Choice
What does carbaminohemoglobin refer to?
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Replacement of oxygen by carbon monoxide on hemoglobin molecules
Full saturation of all heme molecules by oxygen
Carbon dioxide attached to an amino group on the hemoglobin molecule
Oxygen combined with iron in the hemoglobin molecule
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Question 15
Multiple Choice
Approximately what percentage of bound oxygen is released to the cells for metabolism during an erythrocyte's journey through the circulatory system?
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80%
25%
10%
50%
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Question 16
Multiple Choice
The production of yellowish-green, cloudy, thick sputum is often an indication of:
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bacterial infection.
cancer tumor.
damage of lung tissue due to smoking.
emphysema.
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Question 17
Multiple Choice
What does the term hemoptysis refer to?
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Thick, dark red sputum associated with pneumococcal infection
Reddish-brown granular blood found in vomitus
Bright red streaks of blood in frothy sputum
Bloody exudate in the pleural cavity
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Question 18
Multiple Choice
Orthopnea is:
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very deep, rapid respirations.
difficulty breathing when lying down.
waking up suddenly, coughing, and struggling for breath.
noisy breathing with stridor or rhonchi.
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Question 19
Multiple Choice
Light bubbly or crackling breathing sounds associated with serous secretions are called:
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rhonchi.
stridor.
rales.
wheezing.
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Question 20
Multiple Choice
Choose the correct information applying to laryngotracheobronchitis: